Many Americans seem to believe that the 1878 Posse Comitatus Act prohibits the deployment of the U.S. military in domestic law enforcement, including the policing and repression of protests. The statute does no such thing. Its complex terms and judicial interpretations are riddled with limits and loopholes and limits that have left the door open for U.S. military policing and repression inside the “homeland” ever since (notable examples include postwar strikes in 1919 and 1946, urban Black rebellions in the 1960s, mass student antiwar protests in 1970, and the Native American rebellion at Pine Ridge in South Dakota in 1973, the multicultural Los Angeles Rodney King riot of April 1992 and…the list goes on). Thanks to the proclamation of the Drug War in the 1980s and the “Global War on Terror” after 9/11/2011, moreover, the lines between national military operations, federal law enforcement, and local police structures have been hopelessly blurred. The lines are crossed by a giant and growing private-“security” and surveillance sector and new state- and corporate-developed technologies that connect the theory and practice of repressive population control across national, global, and local lines.
The New Military Urbanism
And what would Posse Comitatus protection against domestic military policing really mean anyway today, in a time when metropolitan U.S. police departments have for all intents and purposes become militarized and when high-tech private “security” companies loaded (at all levels) with military veterans proliferate across “the homeland”? As the British urban geographer Stephen Graham recently noted on the left television show Democracy Now, commenting on the findings of his recent book Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism (Verso, 2010): “there’s been a longstanding shift in North America and Europe towards paramilitarized policing, using helicopter-style systems, …infared sensing, …really, really heavy militarized weaponry. That’s been longstanding, fuelled by the war on drugs and other sorts of explicit campaigns. But more recently, there’s been a big push since the end of the Cold War by the big defense and security and IT companies to sell things like geographic mapping systems, and even more recently, drone systems, that have been used in the assassination raids in Afghanistan and in Pakistan, as a sort of domestic policing technology.”
One among the many weapons of this “new military urbanism” is the Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD) – a type of high-tech “sonic cannon” developed by “defense” corporations in league with the military and local law enforcement. It emits a focused beam of sound or ultrasound that “incapacitates enemies” by disrupting and potentially destroying eardrums, causing severe pain and disorientation. First developed to help the military defeat adversaries abroad, it has proven irresistible as a weapon of crowd dispersal in the imperial “homeland,” where elites face the task of imposing neoliberal austerity for the many while the wealthy few (those labeled “the 1%” last year) enjoy fantastic profits and opulence.
After initial restrained homeland deployments by the New York City Police in 2004 (during that year’s Republican National Convention) and the Louisiana National Guard in 2005 (in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina), the LRAD’s democracy-deterring scream was unplugged for the first time in the U.S. at the G20 summit in Pittsburgh in June of 2009. (Paramilitary local and state police also and bizarrely unleashed the LRAD against Western Illinois University students during an annual college beer party last year.) The LRAD was on hand during metropolitan crackdowns on Occupy Oakland and the original Occupy Wall Street encampment in New York City fall.
The LRAD cannon is just one part of a new publicly financed, privately developed arsenal of proto-totalitarian “non-lethal crowd control technologies” within and beyond the U.S. —a chilling new authoritarian munitions store that could prove fatal to free assembly. One day not so far in the future we may see domestic deployment of a technology known as “the microwave” and “the pain ray.” Developed by the U.S. “defense” contractor Raytheon, this new tool of population control (given the name “Silent Guardian”) is what the Pentagon has called a “revolutionary heat-ray weapon to repel enemies or disperse hostile crowds.”It projects an invisible high energy beam that produces a sudden burning feeling” so intense that “even the most hardened Marines flee after a few seconds of exposure” (British reporter Michael Hanlon)
Some day fairly soon miniature drones will likely be deployed against protestors in an American city. Last February, President Barack Obama signed into law an FAA funding bill that will significantly expand the use of drones in the United States, “opening the skies to hundreds — likely thousands — of unmanned aircraft piloted by companies and public agencies” (Fosters’ Daily Democrat). The legislation directs the FAA to “integrate unmanned aircraft into the civilian airspace” by 2015 and will enable police officers to fly small drones to track and spy on suspects without special approval.